Eligibility for KAP is assessed by the Journey Clinical medical team on an ongoing basis, including:

• During the medical intake consultation.
• During follow up consultations.
• KAP eligibility is monitored throughout the treatment, and may change as applicable.

Eligible Diagnoses Include But Are Not Limited To...

Anxiety Disorders

• Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities.
• The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
• The anxiety and worry are associated with three or more of the following:
  • Restlessness or feeling keyed up/on edge
  • Being easily fatigued
  • Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
  • Irritability
  • Muscle tension
  • Sleep disturbance

Depressive Disorders

• Five (or more) of the following symptoms present during the same 2-week period, representing a change from previous functioning; at least one must be (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest/pleasure:
  1. Depressed mood most of the day
  2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure
  3. Significant weight loss or gain, or appetite change
  4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
  5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  6. Fatigue or loss of energy
  7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
  8. Diminished concentration or indecisiveness
  9. Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, plan or attempt

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

• Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence (direct, witnessed, learned about, or repeated exposure)
• Presence of intrusion symptoms, such as:
  • Intrusive memories
  • Nightmares
  • Flashbacks
  • Distress at cues
  • Physiological reactions to trauma reminders
• Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
• Negative alterations in cognition and mood
  • Amnesia about event
  • Negative beliefs about self/world
  • Distorted blame
  • Persistent negative emotions
  • Detachment
  • Inability to experience positive emotions
• Alterations in arousal and reactivity
  • Irritability
  • Reckless behavior
  • Hypervigilance
  • Exaggerated startle
  • Sleep problems
• Duration: >1 month; causes distress/impairment

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

• Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both:
  • Obsessions: Recurrent, intrusive thoughts, urges, or images that are unwanted and cause anxiety
  • Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts aimed at reducing distress or preventing a feared outcome (not connected realistically or are excessive)
• The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g., more than 1 hour/day) or cause significant distress or impairment

Bipolar and Related Disorders
Manic Episode (Bipolar I):

• Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased energy/activity lasting at least 1 week
• Three (or more) (four if mood is only irritable):
  • Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • More talkative than usual
  • Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
  • Distractibility
  • Increase in goal-directed activity or agitation
  • Risky activities (e.g., unrestrained spending, sex, investments)

Hypomanic Episode (Bipolar II):

• Same symptoms as manic episode, but lasts at least 4 consecutive days, not severe enough to cause marked impairment or hospitalization

Major Depressive Episode (part of Bipolar I/II):

• See MDD criteria above

Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa:

• Restriction of energy intake → significantly low body weight
• Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
• Distorted body image, undue influence of body shape on self-evaluation, or denial of seriousness of low weight

Bulimia Nervosa:

• Recurrent binge eating (large amount + lack of control)
• Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior (vomiting, fasting, exercise, laxatives)
• Occurs at least once a week for 3 months
• Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape/weight

Binge-Eating Disorder:

• Recurrent binge eating episodes with 3 or more of:
  • Eating rapidly
  • Eating until uncomfortably full
  • Eating large amounts when not hungry
  • Eating alone due to embarrassment
  • Feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty afterward
• No compensatory behaviors

Adjustment Disorders

• Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor occurring within 3 months of the onset
• One or both:
  • Marked distress out of proportion to the severity/intensity of the stressor
  • Significant impairment in social, occupational, or other functioning
• Does not meet criteria for another mental disorder; symptoms do not represent normal bereavement
• Once stressor is resolved, symptoms do not persist more than 6 months

​Other Conditions
Somatic Symptom Disorder:

• One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life
• Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to symptoms or health concerns, such as:
  • Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about seriousness
  • High level of anxiety about health
  • Excessive time and energy devoted to symptoms
• Although the symptom may not be medically explained, the person’s distress is real

Illness Anxiety Disorder:

• Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness
• Somatic symptoms are not present, or only mild
• High level of anxiety about health; excessive health-related behaviors or maladaptive avoidance
• Duration: at least 6 months

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder):

• One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function
• Clinical findings are incompatible with recognized neurological or medical conditions
• Causes significant distress or impairment

Body Dysmorphia

• Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others.
• At some point, the individual has performed repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, reassurance seeking) or mental acts (e.g., comparing appearance to others) in response to concerns.
• The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
• The appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns with body fat or weight in an individual whose symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder.

Conditions Not Good for KAP, Among Others...

Uncontrolled Hypertension / High Blood Pressure

• Definition: Blood pressure that remains persistently high (typically >140/90 mmHg) despite medication or lifestyle interventions.
• Why it's a concern: Ketamine can raise blood pressure and heart rate, increasing the risk of stroke or cardiovascular events in patients with poorly managed hypertension.

Unstable Medical Condition

• Definition: Any significant health issue (e.g., heart disease, liver failure, severe infection) that is not currently well-managed or is rapidly changing in severity.
• Why it's a concern: Ketamine can stress the body physiologically, so it may worsen unstable conditions or complicate emergency management.

Ketamine Allergy or Hypersensitivity

• Definition: A known allergic reaction (rash, difficulty breathing, anaphylaxis) or hypersensitivity (e.g., hives, flushing, swelling) to ketamine or its components.
• Why it's a concern: Allergic reactions can be life-threatening; ketamine should be avoided if there's a history of such responses.

Uncontrolled Glaucoma / Pressure in the Eye

• Definition: Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) or glaucoma not well-managed with medication.
• Why it's a concern: Ketamine can transiently increase intraocular pressure, which could worsen vision or cause eye damage in vulnerable patients.

Severe Breathing Problems

• Definition: Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, or sleep apnea that impair normal breathing.
• Why it's a concern: Although ketamine typically preserves airway reflexes, it can cause respiratory depression in some settings or exacerbate preexisting conditions.

Active Ketamine Use Disorder

• Definition: Ongoing misuse or addiction to ketamine, characterized by compulsive use, tolerance, cravings, and/or life disruption due to ketamine use.
• Why it's a concern: Therapeutic use in someone actively abusing ketamine may reinforce addictive behavior, hinder psychological integration, or worsen outcomes.

Acute Mania or Mixed State

• Definition: A period of intensely elevated or irritable mood, impulsivity, decreased need for sleep, and/or psychotic symptoms (mania), sometimes combined with depressive symptoms (mixed state).
• Why it's a concern: Ketamine may exacerbate manic symptoms or lead to destabilization in bipolar patients unless carefully managed.

History of Primary Psychotic Disorder

• Definition: Diagnoses such as schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder involving persistent psychosis not secondary to mood or substance use.
• Why it's a concern: Ketamine’s dissociative and perceptual effects may worsen psychosis or trigger psychotic episodes.
• Schizophrenia
  • Definition: A chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It typically involves psychosis, including delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations (false sensory perceptions), as well as impairments in functioning.
• Core DSM-5 Criteria (summarized):
  • Two or more of the following symptoms for at least 1 month, with at least one being from the first three:
    1. Delusions
    2. Hallucinations
    3. Disorganized speech
    4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
    5. Negative symptoms (e.g., diminished emotional expression, avolition)
  • Continuous signs of the illness persist for at least 6 months
  • Causes significant impairment in functioning (social, occupational, or personal)
• Schizoaffective Disorder
  • Definition:​ A mental disorder that includes symptoms of both schizophrenia (e.g., delusions, hallucinations) and a mood disorder(either major depressive or manic episodes). The key distinction is that psychotic symptoms occur both during and outside of mood episodes.
  • Core DSM-5 Criteria (summarized):
    • An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is:
      • A major mood episode (depressive or manic), concurrent with symptoms of schizophrenia
    • Delusions or hallucinations must be present for at least 2 weeks without a mood episode
    • Mood symptoms are present for a substantial portion of the illness duration
    • Not better explained by another disorder (e.g., bipolar disorder with psychotic features)

​

• Psychosis 
  • Definition: A clinical term to describe a disruption in a person’s perception of reality, often involving delusions, hallucinations or severely disorganized thinking.
  • Psychosis is a symptom, not a diagnosis—it can occur in various conditions, including:
    • Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
    • Bipolar disorder (especially during mania)
    • Major depressive disorder with psychotic features
    • Substance-induced psychosis
    • Neurological or medical conditions (e.g., brain injury, dementia)
  • Duration, severity, and cause vary significantly.
  • Core Features of Psychosis:
    • Delusions
      • Fixed, false beliefs that are not based in reality and are resistant to reason or contrary evidence
      • Examples:
        • Persecutory delusions (“People are trying to harm me”)
        • Grandiose delusions (“I have special powers or destiny”)
        • Somatic delusions (“There are bugs crawling under my skin”)
    • Hallucinations
      • Sensory experiences that appear real but occur without external stimuli
      • Most common: auditory hallucinations (hearing voices)
      • Others: visual (seeing things), tactile, olfactory, gustatory
    • Disorganized Thinking (and Speech)
      • Trouble organizing thoughts, leading to speech that is hard to follow (e.g., tangential, incoherent, illogical)
    • Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior
      • Can range from agitation to catatonia (lack of movement or response)
    • Impaired Insight
      • A person may not recognize their experiences as unusual or symptomatic

Active Suicidal Ideation or Severe Decompensation

• Definition: Current suicidal thoughts with plan or intent, or severe deterioration in functioning, cognition, or emotional regulation.
• Why it's a concern: Though ketamine can reduce suicidality, active suicidality without support or integration planning may increase risk, especially if rebound symptoms occur. Severe decompensation may impair the capacity to benefit from or integrate treatment.

Other Areas of Consideration Include...

Here’s a list of additional areas to assess before starting ketamine therapy, along with brief definitions and clinical relevance for each:

Pregnant or Trying to Conceive
Definition: Actively pregnant or planning pregnancy.
Why it matters:

• Ketamine is classified as Category C (risk cannot be ruled out) in pregnancy.
• Effects on fetal development are not well studied.
• May affect embryo implantation or early neurodevelopment.

➡️ Ketamine is typically avoided unless benefits clearly outweigh risks.

Nursing / Breastfeeding
Definition: Providing breast milk to an infant.
Why it matters:

• It is unclear whether ketamine passes into breast milk in clinically significant amounts.
• Potential risk to the infant, especially if exposed to dissociative or sedating effects.

➡️ Risk-benefit analysis required; some clinics recommend pausing nursing temporarily.

Hyperthyroidism
Definition: Overactive thyroid, leading to elevated metabolism and heightened sensitivity to stimulants.
Why it matters:

• Ketamine can increase heart rate and blood pressure, potentially exacerbating thyroid-related symptoms like palpitations, anxiety, or tremors.
• Thyroid storm is a rare but serious risk.

➡️ Should be stabilized before treatment; monitor cardiovascular status closely.

Liver Disease
Definition: Impaired liver function (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis).
Why it matters:

• Ketamine is metabolized in the liver.
• Liver dysfunction can impair clearance, prolonging effects or increasing toxicity.

➡️ May require dose adjustments or alternate routes (e.g., lozenge vs IV).

Cystitis or Bladder Issues
Definition: Inflammation of the bladder; may include pain, urgency, or frequency.
Why it matters:

• Chronic/high-dose ketamine use is associated with ketamine-induced cystitis (ulcerative, painful bladder condition).
• Risk appears higher with frequent use, but some concern exists even at therapeutic doses.

➡️ Preexisting bladder conditions warrant caution and urology consult.

History of Ketamine Use Disorder
Definition: Past problematic or compulsive use of ketamine.
Why it matters:

• Therapeutic ketamine could trigger relapse or addictive patterns.
• Requires careful assessment, possibly in collaboration with addiction specialist.

➡️ Not always an absolute contraindication, but requires structured safeguards.

Active Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
Definition: Current misuse or dependence on substances (alcohol, stimulants, opioids, etc.).
Why it matters:

• Active SUD can interfere with treatment efficacy, integration work, and medication safety.
• Risk of misuse or poly-substance interaction is elevated.

➡️ May need to delay treatment until substance use is stabilized.
 
Extreme Personality Disorder
Definition: Severe traits that impair reality testing, emotional regulation, or interpersonal functioning—e.g., borderline, antisocial, or narcissistic features. These are the "extreme" personality disorders often considered high-risk in psychedelic or ketamine-assisted therapy due to potential for emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and impaired reality testing.
Why it matters:

• Ketamine's dissociative effects may amplify emotional instability or impulsivity.
• Can impair the therapeutic alliance, increase integration challenges, or raise safety concerns.

➡️ Does not rule out treatment, but requires strong therapeutic containment, screening, and collaboration.

• Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
  • Definition: A pattern of intense emotional instability, unstable relationships, impulsivity, and a distorted sense of self, beginning in early adulthood.
  • Criteria (5 or more):
    • Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
    • Unstable and intense interpersonal relationships (idealization ↔ devaluation)
    • Unstable self-image or sense of identity
    • Impulsivity in at least two areas (e.g., spending, sex, substance use, driving, eating)
    • Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-injury
    • Emotional instability due to marked reactivity (e.g., intense mood swings)
    • Chronic feelings of emptiness
    • Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
    • Transient stress-related paranoia or dissociation
  • Clinical risks:
    • High emotional volatility
    • Attachment dysregulation
    • Risk of self-harm or suicidal behavior
    • Difficulty tolerating psychedelic-induced ego dissolution

 

• Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
  • Definition: A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, often beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continuing into adulthood.
  • Core Criteria:
    • Repeated unlawful behavior
    • Deceitfulness (lying, conning others)
    • Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
    • Irritability and aggressiveness
    • Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
    • Consistent irresponsibility
    • Lack of remorse for harm caused
  • Diagnosis requires:
    • Age ≥18
    • Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
  • Clinical risks:
    • Low empathy, poor therapeutic engagement
    • Risk of manipulation or boundary violations
    • Limited benefit from insight-oriented or emotionally vulnerable therapies

 

• Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
  • Definition: A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood.
  • Core Criteria (5 or more):
    • Grandiose sense of self-importance
    • Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty
    • Believes they are special and should associate only with high-status people
    • Requires excessive admiration
    • Sense of entitlement
    • Interpersonally exploitative
    • Lacks empathy
    • Envious of others or believes others envy them
    • Arrogant or haughty behaviors or attitudes
  • Clinical risks:
    • Fragile self-esteem masked by grandiosity
    • May react with rage or shame during therapy
    • May struggle to engage in genuine emotional processing or humility required for integration
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
  • Definition: A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, beginning in early adulthood.
  • Core Criteria (5 or more):
    • Discomfort when not the center of attention
    • Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
    • Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
    • Uses physical appearance to draw attention
    • Speech is impressionistic and lacking in detail
    • Self-dramatization, theatricality, exaggerated emotions
    • Easily influenced by others or circumstances
    • Considers relationships more intimate than they are
  • Clinical risks:
    • Emotional overreliance on therapist
    • Shallow processing of deeper content
    • May seek psychedelic therapy for approval or dramatization, not transformation

​Medications as applicable
​MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
Why it matters:
MAOIs significantly alter the metabolism of neurotransmitters — and combining them with ketamine can increase the risk of hypertensive crisis, overstimulation, or serotonin syndrome.

• Risk factors include:
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Altered cardiovascular response to ketamine
  • Potential for dangerous drug interactions

➡️ Most ketamine clinics require a taper off MAOIs before beginning treatment — often for 2–3 weeks, depending on the specific drug and dose.

• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant medications. They work by inhibiting the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme, which breaks down neurotransmitters in the brain. 
• MAOIs are rarely used today for depression, especially as a first-line treatment. 
• MAOIs account for less than 1% of antidepressant prescriptions in the U.S.
• They're typically reserved for:
  • Treatment-resistant depression
  • Atypical depression (where symptoms include mood reactivity, hypersomnia, increased appetite, etc.)
  • Patients who haven't responded to SSRIs, SNRIs, or TCAs
  • Parkinson’s disease (Selegiline and Rasagiline, which are selective MAO-B inhibitors)
• Common MAOI Medications:
  • Phenelzine (Nardil)
  • Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
  • Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
  • Selegiline (Emsam – a transdermal patch form)​

Which Medications to Stop Using or Use During KAP

Here is a summary. See details below the chart.

STOP 48 - 72 HRS BEFORE KAP
Alcohol
Cannabis
​Sacred Medicines​

STOP DAY OF KAP
​Stimulants
​Adderall, Evekeo, Mydayis
Dexedrine, Zenzedi
Vyvanse
Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana
Focalin
Provigil / Nuvigil​
​Benzodiazepines
​Xanax
Ativan
Valium
Klonopin
Restoril
Librium
Versed
​Modafinil (Provigil)

CAN USE DURING KAP
​​SSRIs
​Prozac
Zoloft
Celexa
Lexapro
Paxil
Luvox
SNRIs
Pristiq
Cymbalta
Fetzima
Savella
Effexor
​Lamictal (epilepsy)
Wellbutrin

HOLD 48-72 HOURS BEFORE TREATMENT

• Alcohol
• Cannabis
• Sacred Medicines
  • ​​A sacred medicine refers to any substance—often plant-based or naturally occurring—that is used intentionally for spiritual, healing, or ceremonial purposes, especially within Indigenous, shamanic, or traditional frameworks. The term emphasizes a reverent, relational, and non-recreational use of the medicine, often in connection with community, ritual, and the natural world.
  • Key Aspects of Sacred Medicine:
    • Intentional Use
      • Not used for recreation or escape, but for healing, insight, spiritual connection, or transformation
      • Guided by set and setting, often under the care of a healer, shaman, or facilitator
    • Ceremonial or Ritual Context
      • Often taken in the context of a sacred ceremony, with prayers, songs, or traditional protocols
      • Can involve community participation or lineage-specific rituals
    • Relationship with the Medicine
      • The medicine is seen as having its own spirit, intelligence, or wisdom
      • Users may speak of “listening to” or “learning from” the medicine
    • Cultural Roots and Respect
      • Many sacred medicines are rooted in Indigenous or ancestral traditions, such as:
        • Ayahuasca (Amazonian shamanism)
        • Peyote (Native American Church)
        • Psilocybin mushrooms (Mazatec and other Mesoamerican traditions)
        • San Pedro (Huachuma) (Andean traditions)
        • Iboga (Bwiti tradition, Central Africa)
        • Tobacco, cacao, rapé, and mapacho are also used ritually
    • Healing Beyond the Physical
      • Aimed at healing spiritual wounds, ancestral trauma, emotional blockages, or restoring connection with self, nature, and the divine​

Medicine
Ayahuasca

​Peyote
Psilocybin mushrooms
San Pedro (Huachuma)
Iboga
Tobacco (Mapacho)
Cacao
​

​Origin
Amazon (Peru, Brazil)

North America (Native tribes)
Global, especially Mesoamerica
Andes (Peru, Ecuador)
Gabon, Africa
Amazon and worldwide
Central/South America

​Common Use
Visionary plant for deep healing and spiritual insight
Heart-opening, used in ceremonial prayer
Consciousness exploration, healing trauma
Gentle, heart-centered journeys
Addiction treatment, spiritual initiation
Purification, prayer, energetic protection
Heart-opening ceremonies, emotional healing

DON'T TAKE DAY OF TREATMENT

Stimulants
​Definition: Drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in enhanced alertness, attention, and energy. Some are prescribed medically; others are misused recreationally.
Common Prescription Stimulants:

​Brand Name(s)
Adderall, Evekeo, Mydayis
Dexedrine, Zenzedi
Vyvanse
Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana
Focalin
Provigil / Nuvigil

​Uses
ADHD, narcolepsy
ADHD, narcolepsy
ADHD, binge eating disorder
ADHD, narcolepsy
ADHD
Narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, sleep apnea

Illicit Stimulants:

• Cocaine
• Methamphetamine ("meth")
• MDMA (Ecstasy, stimulant + hallucinogen)

Benzodiazepines (BZDs)
Definition: CNS depressants that enhance the calming effect of GABA, used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. They can be habit-forming and cause sedation.
Common Benzodiazepines:

​Brand Name(s)
Xanax
Ativan
Valium
Klonopin
Restoril
Librium
Versed

​Uses
Anxiety, panic disorder
Anxiety, agitation, seizures
Anxiety, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal
Panic disorder, seizures
Insomnia
Alcohol withdrawal
Sedation (surgery, ICU)

Modafinil (Provigil)
Classification: Wakefulness-promoting agent (technically a non-amphetamine stimulant)
Approved Uses:

• Narcolepsy
• Obstructive sleep apnea (adjunct to CPAP)
• Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD)

Off-Label Uses:

• ADHD (alternative to traditional stimulants)
• Cognitive enhancement in some clinical populations (e.g., MS-related fatigue, depression-related lethargy)
• Fatigue related to cancer treatment or neurological disorders

CAN USE DURING TREATMENT

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
​Definition:
SSRIs are a class of antidepressant medications that work by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain—a neurotransmitter involved in mood, emotion, and sleep regulation.
Common SSRI Medications:

​Brand Name(s)
Prozac
Zoloft
Celexa
Lexapro
Paxil
Luvox

​Primary Uses
Depression, anxiety, OCD, bulimia
Depression, anxiety, PTSD, OCD
Depression, anxiety (off-label)
Depression, generalized anxiety
Depression, anxiety, PTSD, panic disorder
OCD, social anxiety (off-label depression)

Lamictal (Lamotrigine)
Class: Anticonvulsant / Mood Stabilizer
Primary Uses:

• Bipolar disorder, especially bipolar II: Prevents depressive episodes
• Epilepsy: Partial and generalized seizures
• Sometimes used off-label for treatment-resistant depression or mood instability

Key Features:

• Particularly effective for bipolar depression, not mania
• Does not cause weight gain or sedation in most people
• Requires slow titration due to risk of serious rash (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome)

Wellbutrin (Bupropion)
​Class: Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor (NDRI)
Primary Uses:

• Major depressive disorder (MDD)
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
• Smoking cessation (under the brand name Zyban)

Key Features:

• Activating/energizing—often used for people with low motivation or fatigue
• No sexual side effects (sometimes added to SSRIs to counteract SSRI-related sexual dysfunction)
• May suppress appetite (used cautiously in eating disorders)
• Contraindicated in people with a history of seizures or bulimia